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In order to investigate the origins and relationships of Kurdish-speaking groups, mtDNA HV1 sequences, eleven
Y chromosome bi-allelic markers, and 9 Y-STR loci were analyzed among three Kurdish groups: Zazaki and
Kurmanji speakers from Turkey, and Kurmanji speakers from Georgia. When compared with published data from
other Kurdish groups and from European, Caucasian, and West and Central Asian groups, Kurdish groups are most
similar genetically to other West Asian groups, and most distant from Central Asian groups, for both mtDNA
and the Y-chromosome. However, Kurdish groups show a closer relationship with European groups than with
Caucasian groups based on mtDNA, but the opposite based on the Y-chromosome, indicating some differences
in their maternal and paternal histories. The genetic data indicate that the Georgian Kurdish group experienced
a bottleneck effect during their migration to the Caucasus, and that they have not had detectable admixture with
their geographic neighbours in Georgia. Our results also do not support the hypothesis of the origin of the Zazaki
–speaking group being in northern Iran; genetically they are more similar to other Kurdish groups. Genetic analyses
of recent events, such as the origins and migrations of Kurdish-speaking groups, can therefore lead to new insights
into such migrations.

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